Adaptive radiation diversifies descendants from a common ancestor. Convergence produces similar traits independently. Coevolution involves reciprocal selection between interacting lineages. Gradualism and punctuated equilibrium describe different patterns of evolutionary change through time.

The model has a domain of validity. Explain its assumptions before using it in a changed context, then compare your prediction with evidence.

• Evolution can show extinction, diversification, convergence or reciprocal change. Pattern names describe different kinds of evidence.
• Punctuated equilibrium includes long relative stasis with comparatively rapid change; it is not instantaneous magic. Hox genes affect developmental patterning.